YANGON, Myanmar – It’s about returning democracy to a nation held hostage to more than a half-century of military rule. It’s about hope for a better life for millions of desperately poor people. It’s about being fully embraced by the international community. But most of all, Myanmar’s general election on Sunday may prove to be opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi’s moment of destiny — a chance to seize the victory the junta stole from her 25 years ago.
“I believe in my heart that things are going to change for sure,” said lawyer Kyaw Thu Win, sitting in a sea of red party T-shirts and flags at a recent campaign rally that drew tens of thousands of ecstatic Suu Kyi supporters.
Suu Kyi’s National League for Democracy party and its chief rival, the ruling, military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party, held final rallies Friday, the last day of campaigning before a cooling-off period. Most analysts, observers and journalists who have toured the country are certain the NLD will win the elections — if they are free and credible.
An NLD-dominated Parliament would be a democratic milestone for a country that was ruled by the military from 1962 to 2011, when — after intense international pressure — it handed power to a nominally civilian government led largely by retired generals. The military still retains many powers, but a majority in Parliament would give the NLD the presidency and control over the shape of the government and lawmaking.
It will also give hope to many of the ethnic minorities who form 40 percent of the country’s 52 million people. Myanmar is home to some of the world’s longest-running insurgencies, fought in regions where ethnic groups are demanding greater autonomy.
“In general, these elections are important because they are the first real indicator of whether the democratic transition is going to take a big step forward or remain in a quasi-civilian middle ground for years to come,” said Thant Myint-U, a historian and government adviser.
Sunday’s elections are not without flaws, which raise concerns about their impartiality. The chair of the election commission is an unabashed supporter of President Thein Sein’s USDP. There have been complaints about voting list irregularities and a large number of disenfranchised voters.
But with 11,000 local and international monitors overseeing 40,000 polling stations, election observers said they are hopeful any attempts at systematic wrongdoing will be spotted.
“We won’t be everywhere, but we’ll have a good sample,” said Jonathan Stonestreet, who heads a team from the Carter Center, which has overseen more than 100 elections across the globe.
Free and credible elections, leading to a smooth democratic transition of power, are key to lifting remaining international sanctions, principally by the United States, which will lead to a flood of foreign investment.
Myanmar remains a desperately poor country. In a teeming, cacophonous slum in Yangon, the country’s biggest city, the election has brought hopes of a brighter future.
Htay Aung, a 62-year-old house builder, has worked his whole life to lift his family’s standard of living. “We hope for a government that will develop the country and improve the lives of people like us,” he says, pausing to draw on a long cheroot.
Suu Kyi and the NLD won the last election they contested, in 1990, but the military refused to honor the results and kept Suu Kyi under house arrest over most of the following two decades.
Analyst Richard Horsey believes Sunday’s result will stand, however, even if the ruling party loses badly. That’s because the military has changed the constitution to protect much of the power it holds. It is guaranteed 25 percent of legislative seats, enough to block any constitutional amendments.
“The constitution … already contains the powers and bakes in the red lines of the military,” he said. “They have the authority they need over their domain of interest. And I think that means that transferring power is much less a risk and concerning to them that it was in 1990.”
Winning the elections is only the first step for the NLD to take power. The new Parliament will choose the president, and since the military controls a quarter of the 664 seats it has a significant hard start. Myanmar’s complicated electoral process requires that Parliament put forward three presidential candidates for a February vote.
Even if Suu Kyi’s party wins the presidential race, she will not be president. The constitution bars her from the job because her late husband and sons are not Myanmar citizens.
That does not seem to bother her. She said at a news conference Thursday that she will run the government anyway if her party wins by being “above the president.”
Her stance highlights a divide that has grown between her and some Myanmar politicians and intellectuals, including former allies. She won a Nobel Peace Prize for defying dictators, but is now accused of having own authoritarian style. Yet she appears to have lost little of her massive popularity among voters, especially in urban areas and Myanmar’s central heartland. The mystique she enjoys as daughter of martyred independence leader Aung San, as leader of a doomed 1988 pro-democracy uprising and as a stalwart former political prisoner remains undiminished.
Suu Kyi is being challenged by some Buddhist ultranationalists who have grown more powerful since the junta’s end and have already made a mark on Sunday’s election. For the first time since independence, the 1.3 million members of the country’s Rohingya Muslim minority have been barred from voting. And neither the NLD nor the USDP is fielding a single Muslim candidate.
Ultranationalist Buddhist monks are crisscrossing the country saying Suu Kyi and her party are oblivious to the threat Muslims pose to the predominantly Buddhist country’s security, culture and traditions.
“If Aung San Suu Kyi takes Thein Sein’s place, it could lead to instability in the country,” said monk Ashin Wirathu, the most infamous member of the politically powerful Ma Ba Tha.
In the city and the countryside, however, a more commonly heard view is that Suu Kyi’s time has finally come.
The NLD won just over 80 percent of parliamentary seats in 1990, even though she and her top deputy were under house arrest. A shocked army refused to seat the winning lawmakers, with the excuse that a new constitution first had to be implemented — a task that ended up taking 18 years to accomplish.
Suu Kyi was again under house arrest for the next general election in 2010, which the NLD boycotted because it considered election laws unfair. Still, the vote ended the junta era and ultimately installed President Thein Sein, a former general who began instituting political and economic reforms to end Myanmar’s isolation from much of the world and jumpstart its moribund economy.
Election laws were eased, and in 2012 the NLD agreed to contest a series of by-elections, winning most of the seats at stake. Suu Kyi was elected a member of parliament for a suburb of Yangon.
Now, three years after sampling partial success, she anticipates a full victory.
___
Associated Press journalists Robin McDowell, Esther Htusan and Vijay Joshi contributed to this report.
Leave a Reply